Diagnosis and Risk Factors of Bovine and Human Fascioliasis in Cattle Farms from a Venezuelan Andean Rural Area.

INTRODUCTION: Fascioliasis is caused in Venezuela by the trematode Fasciola hepatica, affecting herbivorous and human. The Venezuelan Andean region is endemic for bovine fascioliasis and its presence in humans is not known. The objective of this work was to detected positive cases of bovine and human fascioliasis by coprological and immunological techniques and determine the possible risk factors, in eight cattle farms of a Venezuelan Andean rural area. METHODS: We studied 143 samples of feces and sera of bovines, and 34 samples of feces and sera of humans. Feces were examined by several coprologic techniques, while sera were evaluated by ELISA using two antigens: crude extract (CE) and surface proteins (SP) of F. hepatica, which were previously standardized and validated. RESULTS: The frequency of fascioliasis in bovines was 21% by coprology, and 49.7% by SP-ELISA. The human detection was 0% by coprology, and 29.4% by SP-ELISA. There were statistical significative differences between cattle farms, regarding to the positive results by coprology and by SP-ELISA. About the possible risk factors, statistical association was found only with the presence of snails near or in the farms and consumption of non-channeled water (river, ditch or spring), both for cattle and for humans. CONCLUSION: The results showed that the studied area is endemic for bovine fascioliasis, the human has been in contact with F. hepatica and there are risk factors for the transmission of the parasite in the studied farms.

Zoonotic Trypanosomes in Rats and Fleas of Venezuelan Slums.

Rattus spp. are reservoirs of many human zoonoses, but their role in domestic transmission cycles of human trypanosomiasis is underestimated. In this study, we report trypanosome-infected Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus in human dwellings in slums neighboring Maracay, a large city near Caracas, the capital of Venezuela. Blood samples of R. norvegicus and R. rattus examined by PCR and FFLB (fluorescent fragment length barcoding) revealed a prevalence of 6.3% / 31.1% for Trypanosoma lewisi (agent of rat- and flea-borne human emergent zoonosis), and 10.5% / 24.6% for Trypanosoma cruzi (agent of Chagas disease). Detection in flea guts of T. lewisi (76%) and, unexpectedly, T. cruzi (21.3%) highlighted the role of fleas as carriers and vectors of these trypanosomes. A high prevalence of rats infected with T. lewisi and T. cruzi and respective flea and triatomine vectors poses a serious risk of human trypanosomiasis in Venezuelan slums. Anthropogenic activities responsible for growing rat and triatomine populations within human dwellings drastically increased human exposure to trypanosomes. This scenario has allowed for the reemergence of Chagas disease as an urban zoonosis in Venezuela and can propitiate the emergence of atypical T. lewisi infection in humans.

Estudio In Vivo de la Carga Parasitaria y Especies de Nematodes Gastrointestinales de la Familia Strongylidae en Caballos Criollos Venezolanos / In Vivo Study of Parasitic Burden and Species of Strongylidae Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Venezuelan Creole Horses

Durante un ensayo para evaluar la eficacia de dos formulaciones antihelmínticas para bovinos (Moxidectina como Cydectin NF® y Doramectina como Dectomax®), se estudiaron in vivo la carga parasitaria y las especies de estrongilidos presentes en caballos criollos venezolanos con altos contajes de estróngilos. El estudio fue llevado a cabo en la Estación Experimental “La Iguana” de la Universidad Simón Rodríguez (UNESR), Municipio Santa María de Ipire, estado Guárico (Venezuela), en cuatro caballos adultos con alto contaje de estróngilos (más de 1000 huevos por gramo de heces, hpg) mediante recuperación de parásitos post-tratamiento. Los animales fueron asignados a uno de los siguientes grupos (una hembra y un macho en cada uno); G1M: tratados con 0,4 mg/kg de peso corporal (PC) de Moxidectina, vía subcutánea (sc); G2D: tratados con 0,3 mg/kg de PC de Doramectina vía sc. Se tomaron muestras fecales (500 g aproximadamente) a las 24 y 48 h post-tratamiento para la recuperación in vivo de las especies de nemátodos Strongylidae presentes. En los animales tratados con Moxidectina sólo se obtuvieron nemátodos a las 48 h post-tratamiento. En los animales machos se recuperaron 325 parásitos, mientras que en las hembras se recuperaron 201 parásitos de la familia Strongylidae. En el grupo tratado con Doramectina, se observaron nemátodos a las 24 y 48 h post-tratamiento. En los machos se recuperaron 136 parásitos y en la hembra sólo tres parásitos. Se observaron seis géneros: Cylicocyclus, Coronocyclus, Cyathostomum, Cylicostephanus, Triodontophorus y Poteriostomum, y 16 especies, siendo Cylicocyclus nassatus la especie con mayor abundancia e intensidad. Posteriostomum imparidentatum se reporta por primera vez en caballos criollos venezolanos. La recuperación de parásitos post-tratamiento es una buena alternativa para la estimación de la carga y composición de la comunidad de parásitos estrongilidos cuando las necropsias no son posibles o no son deseables.

During an assay to evaluate the efficacy of two bovine anthelminthic formulations (Moxidectin as Cydectin NF® and Doramectin as Dectomax®), the in vivo parasitic burden and the strongyles species present in four adult Venezuelan Creole horses with a high strongylid count were studied. The study was carried out at Estación Experimental “La Iguana” de la Universidad Simón Rodríguez (UNESR), Municipio Santa María de Ipire, estado Guárico (Venezuela). A total of four adult horses with a high strongylid count (more than 1000 eggs per gram of feces) through a post treatment parasite recovery were used. Horses were allocated into 2 groups (one male and one female per group), as follows: Group I: two animals treated with a subcutaneous (sc) injection of 0.4 mg/kg body weight (BW) of Moxidectin; Group II: two animals treated with a sc injection of 0.3 mg/kg BW of Doramectin. Samples of feces (approximately 500 g) were collected at 24 and 48 h post-treatment for the in vivo recovery of the strongyles species present. The results showed that nematodes were only seen in animals from Group I 48 h post-treatment: 325 individual parasites of the Strongylidae family were recovered in males and only 201 in females. In Group II, nematodes were observed at 24 and 48 h post treatment, with 136 parasites recovered in males and only 3 in females. Six genuses were observed: Cylicocyclus, Coronocyclus, Cyathostomum, Cylicostephanus, Triodontophorus y Poteriostomum and sixteen species, being Cylicocyclus nassatus the species with more abundance and intensity. Posteriostomum imparidentatum is reported for the first time in Venezuelan Creole horses. The post-treatment parasite recovery is a good alternative for the estimation of the parasite burden and the composition of the strongylid parasite community when necropsy studies are not available or desirable.

Prevalencia de trypanosoma spp. mediante ELISA e inmunofluorescencia indirecta en tres rebaños de búfalos de agua del estado Cojedes, Venezuela / Prevalence of trypanosoma spp. by ELISA and indirect fluorescent antibody test in three water buffaloes herds from the State of Cojedes, Venezuela

Animal trypanosomiasis is a disease caused by parasites of the genus Trypanosome. This malady is widely distributed in many countries, located in tropical and subtropical areas of the world where blood-sucking flies are present. Water buffaloes are important domestic animals used for meat and milk production, and draught power. Buffalo herds are raised in areas where trypanosomiasis is endemic. In Venezuela, the buffalo industry is becoming a very important and common livestock. However, animals imported from non-endemic areas may suffer severe infections. The development of methods which ensure an efficient epidemiological surveillance against this disease is of great relevance. The immunological tests are of great importance for this purpose, because of the low sensitivity of the current parasitological methods, due to the low parasite burden that occur in subclinical and chronic infections caused by trypanosomes. To estimate the serological prevalence of trypanosome in water buffaloes, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used in buffalo samples of healthy animals from the municipalities of Rómulo Gallegos, Ricaurte and Girardot, in the State of Cojedes, Venezuela. Additionally, samples were also assessed with the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and the microhematocrit test (MHCT). A total of 180 blood samples, none of which had an active parasitemia by TMC, were assessed. The prevalence determined by ELISA was 45.56%, which was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that obtained by IFAT (28.89%). The results of the experiments showed a moderate Kappa index of concordance of 0.45 (95% CI: 0.31-0.58); whereas the concordance value for both tests was 73.33%. Both the sensitivity and specificity of ELISA, compared to the IFAT, was 82.69% and 69.53%, respectively. The predictive positive and negative values were 52.44% and 90.82%, respectively. The findings suggest an endemic condition, with moderate infection values caused by Trypanosoma spp. in buffaloes from these regions of Venezuela and show, for the first time, the usefulness of ELISA for epidemiological studies of trypanosomiasis.

Parasitismo por estrongilos en caballos salvajes Venezolanos del hato el frío (Edo. Apure, Venezuela): Estudio preliminar / Strongyles parasitism in wild Venezuelan horses from hato el frío, State of Apure, Venezuela: A preliminary study

Los estróngilos son los parásitos más comunes en los caballos, causando serios problemas aún en aquellos animales que reciben tratamiento antihelmíntico. Existe en el país escaso conocimiento del comportamiento de este parasitismo en caballos salvajes cuyas poblaciones de helmintos no están influenciadas por el uso de fármacos antiparasitarios, por lo que el objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar las características de la infección por nematodos Strongylidae en caballos salvajes venezolanos no sometidos a tratamiento antihelmíntico en base a examen coprológico. El estudio se realizó en Abril 2006 en el Hato El Frío, ubicado cerca de Mantecal, estado Apure, Venezuela. Se tomó una muestra de heces directamente del recto a un total de 35 caballos salvajes (21 machos, 14 hembras, representando el 15% de la población), las cuales se procesaron por la técnica de Mc Master modificada y se realizaron cultivos a partir de 4 grupos (pool) de muestras positivas para la identificación de las larvas Strongylidae de tercer estado. Se obtuvo una prevalencia general de 82,86% (29/35) con un promedio general de 818,57 huevos por gramo de heces (hpg) [0-2.300]. De los animales examinados, el 25,71% tenía entre 500 y 1.000 hpg, mientras que 37,14% tenía más de 1.000 hpg. Strongylus vulgaris fue encontrado en 3 de 4 coprocultivos (75%) en porcentajes de 2, 12 y 7%, respectivamente. S. edentatus fue encontrado en 1 de 4 coprocultivos (25%) en porcentaje del 2%. La presencia de grandes estróngilos (S. vulgaris, S. edentatus) encontrados en los coprocultivos fue bastante marcada, así como el significativo número de animales con contajes superiores a 1.000 hpg.

Strongyles are the most common parasites in horses, which can cause serious health problems, even in regularly dewormed horses. There is practically no information in this country on this parasitic infection in wild horses which helminth populations are not influenced by using of antiparasitic drugs. So, the aim of this research was to determinate the caracteristics of Strongylidae nematode infection in wild Venezuelan horses which have never received anthelmintic therapy, on the basis of coprological examination. Study was performed in April 2006 in “Hato El Frío” near to Mantecal, State of Apure, Venezuela. Faecal samples were taken from the rectum, once from each of thirty five randomly selected wild horses (21 males, 14 females), representing approximately 15% of the total population of the herd, and processed using the McMaster modified technique. Four cultures of bulked positive samples for identification of Strongylidae larvae were also performed. General prevalence was 82.86% (29/35), with a general epg mean of 818,57 epg (0-2,300). From the animals sampled 25,71% showed epg counts between 500-1,000 epg but 37,14% had more than 1,000 epg. Strongylus vulgaris was found in 3 out of 4 cultures (75%) in a proportion of 2, 12 and 7%, respectively. Strongylus edentatus was found in 1 out of 4 cultures (25%) in a proportion of 2%. There must be remarkable the presence of large strongyles in cultures as well as the important number of animals harboring more than 1,000 epg.

Parasitismo gastrointestinal en un bioterio canino en venezuela / Canine gastrointestinal parasites in a canine kennel in venezuela

La “Sección de Caninos, Felinos y Batracios” del Bioterio la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, cumple un papel fundamental en la docencia y la investigación en esta institución. Las gastroenteritis parasitarias, son uno de los problemas sanitarios en los caninos, cuyo control requiere de la aplicación de medidas integrales, con conocimiento epidemiológico de estas infecciones. Con el objetivo de obtener información acerca de la prevalencia y géneros parasitarios presentes, se llevó a cabo un estudio de la población de este bioterio conformada por 64 caninos mestizos, mayores de un año de edad y de ambos sexos. Mensualmente durante cinco meses, se recolectaron a primera hora de la mañana las heces que estaban presentes en cada jaula, para un total de 141 muestras, que se procesaron mediante las técnicas de Mc Master Modificada y Baerman. Se obtuvo un valor de prevalencia promedio general de infecciones con parásitos gastrointestinales durante todo el estudio de 58,10%, con prevalencias promedio mensuales entre 38,88 y 65,62%. Los valores promedio de prevalencia y rangos correspondientes de acuerdo al tipo de parásitos fueron: nematodes: Ancylostoma spp= 56,59% (33,33 a 65,62%),Strongyloides stercolaris=11,80% (0-25%) y Toxocara spp=3,80% (0-11%); se observaron además ooquistes de protozoarios del género Cystoisospora (Isospora)=19,82% (2-17%). Sólo hubo diferencias en la prevalencia de S. stercolaris  por mes (p<0,05), debido probablemente a la mayor humedad ambiental durante los meses noviembre y diciembre por la presencia de lluvias; no se encontraron diferencias en la prevalencia parasitaria por sexo de hospedador (p>0,05).

The Sección de Caninos, Felinos y Batracios from the Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias at Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV) has an important role in teaching and research in the institution. Gastrointestinal parasitism is one of the mayor diseases in canines; therefore, integral control measurements to prevent parasitism must be considered epidemiological knowledge of these parasites. In order to get data about the prevalence and parasites genera present in this population, the examination of 64 dogs of mixed breeds including both genders older than 1 year, was carried out. A total of 141 fecal samples were monthly collected, early in the morning from every cage during 5 months. Samples were processed using both Mc Master and Baerman techniques. The general average prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitism was 58.10%, being between 38.88% and 65.62% monthly. The mean prevalence and ranks according to genera were: Nematoda Ancylostoma spp=56.59% (33.33-65.62%), Strongyloides stercolaris=11.80% (0-25%) and Toxocara spp=3.80% (0-11%). In addition, other classes of parasites were observed: protozoan (coccidian) oocyst Cystoisospora (Isospora)=19.82% (2-17%). There were only differences in the prevalenceof S. stercolaris by month (p<0.05), may be as a consequence of a higher ambient humidity during November and December. There were no differences in the prevalence of parasitism according to the gender of the host.

Comportamiento natural de las fases no parasíticas de Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae): en un bioterio canino de Venezuela / Natural behavior of non parasitic stages of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae): in a canine bioterio in Venezuela

El presente estudio determinó la fluctuación poblacional de las fases no parasíticas de Rhipicephalus sanguineus durante octubre 2000 - septiembre 2001. Mensualmente se recolectaron todas las garrapatas presentes en los distintos ambientes identificados dentro de las instalaciones del Bioterio de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias de la Universidad Central deVenezuela, Maracay, estado Aragua, Venezuela. Se recolectaron 16.065 ejemplares de R. sanguineus en diferentes fases de desarrollo: 5.981 larvas, 7.378 ninfas, 796 machos y 1.916 hembras; el mayor número se obtuvo en el interior de las jaulas (13.364), representando las ninfas la fase más abundante, tanto en el interior como en el exterior. El área pared/piso se destacó con el mayor número de ejemplares (6.830), seguida de huecos/grietas (6.068), ambas con predominio de ninfas; el análisis estadístico mostró significancia (P<0,05) solamente para los machos, demostrando que el área influyó en la presencia de esta fase. Las mayores poblaciones de garrapatas se obtuvieron en agosto, septiembre, enero y julio en el interior de las jaulas y en diciembre, en el exterior de las mismas. Se determinó significancia estadística (P<0,05) del ambiente interno sobre la presencia de los estadios larvas, ninfas y machos, no así para las hembras. En el ambiente externo, la presencia de garrapatas fue escasa (21) siendo las hembras la fase más recolectada (12); no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas (P>0,05) del ambiente externo sobre la presencia de hembras. Al correlacionar las distintas fases con la temperatura interna, se encontraron diferencias significativas (P<0,05); en relación con la humedad sólo se estableció significancia para la presencia de machos en el área huecos-grietas (P<0,05). Estos resultados confirman la adaptabilidad de R. sanguineus a las edificaciones urbanas y su alta prolificidad en microhábitantes internos y externos, afectados por condiciones ambientales como humedad y temperatura.

This study determined poblational fluctuations of all non-parasitic forms in each developmental stage of Rhipicephalus sanguineus between October 2000 and September 2001. Through monthly sampling, all ticksfound in each identified area of the kennel at the Universidad Central de Venezuela, college of Veterinay Sciences, Maracay, Venezuela. A total of 16,065 specimens of R. sanguineus in all developmental stages were collected: 5,981 larvae, 7,378 nymphs, 796 adult and 1.916 females; the highest was found inside the dog as well outside the dog cage. The area between wall and floor had the highest number of specimens (6,830), followed by the area of holes and cracks (6,068); both showed prevalence of nymphs. Statistical analysis on developmental stage and internal environment was a significative association (P<0.05) only for males, indicating that the area affected the presence this stage. The largest populations of the ticks were found inside the cages in August, September, January and July and outside of them in December. Statistical tests showed significative differences in the internal environment for the presence of larvae, nymph and male stages, but not for female. In the external environment, ticks were scarcely present (21) being the females the most collected specimen (12). There was no significant effect (P<0.05) of external environment on the presence of females. Applying correlation tests between different stages and internal temperature, significant differences were found (P<0.05). Regarding humidity, there was only statistical significant differences for males found in holes and cracks (P<0.05). These results confirm R. sanguineus adaptability to urban buildings and its high rate of reproduction in internal and external microhabitats, both being affected by environmental conditions, such as humidity and temperature.

Distribución y abundancia de los huevos de estróngilos digestivos en ovinos de diferentes grupos etarios naturalmente infectados / Distribution and abundance of digestive strongyles eggs in different age groups ovines naturally infected

Las helmintosis gastrointestinales y especialmente las estrongilidosis en los ovinos son una de las principales limitantes en la producción de esta especie animal, debido a las serias alteraciones orgánicas que pueden causar en estos hospederos y a los costos que generan su tratamiento y control. A objeto de determinar la prevalencia y cargas parasitarias de las infecciones naturales por estróngilos digestivos, que permitan conocer la distribución de dichas infecciones en un rebaño ovino del estado Aragua, fueron examinados mediante la técnica de Mc Master, mensualmente 70 ovinos de 4 grupos etarios diferentes: grupo 1: corderos lactantes (n=5); grupo 2: corderos destetados (n=26); grupo 3: ovejas (n=36); grupo 4: sementales (n=3), durante el periodo junio-noviembre de 2003. El valor de prevalencia de infecciones por estróngilos digestivos resultó siempre alto (promedio= 43,64 por ciento durante todo el estudio), independientemente (Prueba de Kruskal-Wallis) de la edad de los animales (p< 0,05). No hubo relación (prueba de c2) entre las cargas parasitarias y la edad de los animales (p>0,05). Las infecciones mostraron un patrón de distribución sobredispersado dentro de los animales.